Thursday, August 27, 2020

Black community of America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Dark people group of America - Essay Example Same applies to the political framework. As per Professor Greenburg, there is a slight distinction among white and dark kids, with regards to political framework, in light of the fact that the dark youngsters a they become more seasoned gotten less steady. The blacks are extremely 'imperceptible men' with regards to political area. Conceivable racial contrasts in political socialization are persevering. Meredith v Jefferson had been an intriguing case demonstrating a little blemish in the approach of present day tutoring. Training framework in America throughout the years had been meticulously non-racial. Americans have been upbeat over the instruction approaches that rewarded the kids similarly, regardless of class, district, ideology and race. Minority kids had not been minimized at all. All things considered, in Kentucky's Jefferson County, some Black kids were exposed to long excursions as long as three hours to arrive at schools and return, for the straightforward explanation, on the grounds that there existed a law saying that each government funded school ought not have over half dark understudy populace, however at the very least 15%. The law existed not because of racial separation, however simply because it was thought not to have too overpowering a dominant part of any race. Just a minority number of understudies were influenced because of this law, bringing about long ex cursions investing more energy than they ought to arrive at school and back home. It was likewise contended that youngsters and their folks were kept out of the whole network since they go to a far away schools and that network couldn't have a place with them as they were not part of it. The current course of action, organized in 2001, has a few understudies being transported cross-province, occupying additional time every day than most understudies spend in travel in half a month. It presents clear strategic issues and disengages youngsters and their folks from the networks they call home, guardians state http://docket.medill.northwestern.edu/chronicles/003698.php Guardians were likewise disturbed about the long procedure of yearly admissions to magnet and non-magnet schools, and brought a common suit against the region in the US District Court for the Western District of Kentucky. The case was that their kids' fairness rights have been abused, and this specific demonstration was against the fourteenth Amendment on the Equal Protection Clause and the District Court maintained this case and gave the accompanying ruling:The 2001 Plan is a legitimate 'fit' since it is adequately adaptable to decide school assignments for all understudies by a large group of elements, for example, home, understudy decision, limit, school and program fame, unadulterated possibility and race. (on the same page). It likewise opined that the arrangement was 'barely custom-made' and ought not have been founded on race alone, which could give a prejudicial shading to it, since America is certainly not an isolated society any increasingly, similar to it was during the 1950s. The lawyer speaking to the district contended that a modest quantity of bother is immaterial while contrasting with the decent variety that won because of the arrangement in instructive foundations. The arrangement appeared in 1975 and under this arrangement, the Board kept up a similar framework for a long time. POLITICAL

Saturday, August 22, 2020

On The Beach Essays - Radiobiology, English-language Films

On The Beach On The Beach In the huge city of Melbourne, Australia, material merchandise have gotten rare. There are no vehicles, and almost no of the extravagances that there used to be. It takes hours to get straightforward necessities, for example, milk. This is a direct result of the atomic war in the Northern Hemisphere. This atomic war has cleared out each living thing, including all people, all through nations like China, Europe, and even the United States. Everything started with a battle among Russia and China, who needed to wreck every others land. They dealt with this with atomic bombs, and without understanding the outcomes, murdered off their own kin alongside every other person because of the radiation that was abandoned. The radiation has murdered all types of life in the Northern Hemisphere up until now, and is presently consistently moving toward the Southern Hemisphere; the main spot left on the planet with life. Lieutenant Commander Peter Holmes lives in Melbourne with his better half, Mary and their newborn child, Jennifer. They, alongside every other person in Australia, have heard and realized that the radiation is gradually coming and researcher have anticipated that they just have until September before it spreads all through Australia, executing them all with a moderate disorder. This infection incorporates side effects, for example, sickness, loose bowels, and trembling. It could take somewhere in the range of three days to three weeks to bite the dust, contingent upon ones opposition in their body. Diminish knows about the brief timeframe he has forgotten about to carry on with his life, yet his significant other Mary neglects to understand that there will be no one year from now, or the following spring. She keeps on preparing as though she will in any case be alive years or even a long time from that point. Subside assists with soothing her by permitting her to think thusly and get ting her things, for example, blossoms for the nursery that won't sprout until the following year. Dwindle is approached task in the start of the book to go on a voyage on board the U.S.S. Scorpion, the main submarine left. The objective of this voyage is to check whether there is any type of life in the northern urban areas of Cairns, Port Moresby and Darwin. Any type of life would incorporate winged animals, plants, creatures or vegetation. On this journey, the group in fruitless in finding any types of life aside from one canine meandering around. They return to the port in Melbourne and are docked for quite a while. While docked, Peter welcomes the Commander Dwight Towers to remain with him and his significant other for the end of the week to go cruising and swimming. Mary chooses she needs this to be an experience for Dwight, and in this manner welcomes her companion Moira Davidson. Moira is by all accounts distinctive then most young ladies; extremely forward and drinks excessively, and solid in her convictions. However her and Dwight figure out how to build up a fellowship, which they keep up all through the book. Half a month later, another journey is doled out, both including Commander Dwight Towers and Peter Holmes. This voyage will be substantially more troublesome and progressively arduous. They intend to go up to the United States and around the west bank of Canada to check whether they can locate the radio signs they have been getting from where they believe is Seattle. The navel officials accept that there must be somebody up there running the radio broadcasts to get signals. The journey is wanted to take two months, while being lowered submerged for twenty-seven days of those two months. Before Peter leaves for his journey he needs to ensure that his better half and little girl are dealt with in the event that the radiation were to come snappier, at that point expected and he was not there to support her or be with her. He goes to a close by scientific expert for data on what befalls an individual when hit with radiation affliction and what to do when it occurs. The scientific expert lets him know of the considerable number of indications and gives him a few pills that nobody else has had the option to get yet. These pills are intended to execute an individual calmly in their rest, and are intended to be taken when an individual realizes that they dont need to go on with living through

Friday, August 21, 2020

Self Introduction Essay Samples

Self Introduction Essay SamplesSelf introduction essay samples are online and available to everybody. You can use them for your own personal use or you can print them out and put them in a college book of introductions.A self-introduction is not just your one time chance to make an impression on people who are looking for something different from the norm. In fact, you should do self introduction essay samples in order to build up your confidence as well as help your career growth. It doesn't matter what type of writing you are planning to do, because the introduction is a part of any article or press release.As you can see, the internet is a good resource for anything. With that being said, there are a number of websites that are offering free samples on self introduction essay samples. However, since many of these samples are just 'copy paste' versions of ones that cost money, it is best to read the terms and conditions on each website before you actually purchase the sample. If yo u are in the mood to create a masterpiece, you might as well spend a few dollars for a quality self introduction essay samples.There are a few ways to create a professional-looking self introduction. If you are currently working, you might want to read on about how to write a sample that will go down well at your job interview. If you have the appropriate skills, you might want to check out on some resource centers for writing the introduction for your school paper.You should first be sure that you are using some of the most popular websites to help you. You do not want to go with something off the internet. These websites offer high quality samples of self introduction essays and that is why you should definitely visit them.When you come across an essay or sample that has the potential to offer you some possible help with your career, you should see if you can download it. However, you should not try to get into paying for these sites. In fact, the best way to find out if a website offers samples of essays is to visit their website and check it out for yourself.Think about this - if they want to help you, they should allow you to get the samples for free. Remember, the internet is not always as reliable as you might like it to be. You should also consider the fact that these websites are competing for your business and their writers are vying for the attention of the writers who are using these samples.So in essence, your opinion on the quality of the self introduction essays samples that are available in the internet is in your hands. If you are an aspiring writer, try and find out which sites offer the best writing samples. The best thing to do is to visit the sites and take a look at the samples offered for free.

Tuesday, May 26, 2020

Essay on A P by John Updike - 516 Words

AP The short story â€Å"AP† written by John Updike, is about three girls who change Sammy’s life. The three girls came from the beach and are not dressed properly to enter a grocery store called AP. Sammy, the main character, is a check out clerk, and observes every detail about the girls. Sam even gives each of the girls a name. His favorite is â€Å"Queenie.† Sammy is obviously the type of guy who doesn’t get a lot of girls. Sam has a conflict of person vs. society. Because of his dead end job, obsession with Queenie, and his noble act to save the girls from embarrassment, Sammy has a conflict between himself and society. Sammy has a job checking customers out at a small town grocery store. Sammy seems to hate his job, he†¦show more content†¦She’d been watching cash registers for fifty years and probably never seen a mistake before.† He knows the customers inside and out and categorizes them. Sammy also goes through the noises he hears when checking out a customer, he seems to know them pretty well. Sammy seems to be the daydreamer type and probably wont ever be anything more than a checkout clerk for many years to come. Sammy’s obsession with Queenie shows how Sammy doesn’t get much action. He is about a twenty year old guy who is obsessing over a 16 or 17-year-old girl. Sammy gives every single detail about Queenie; for example, he says, â€Å"She was the queen. She kind of led them, the other two peeking around and making their shoulders round. She didn’t look around, not this Queen, she just walked on slowly, on these white prima-donna legs.† About 80% of the story is dedicated to the description of Queenie. When Lengel sees the girls at the checkout counter, he says, â€Å"Girls, this isn’t the beach.† As the girls leave the in a hurry, Sammy says, â€Å"I quit.† Sammy hopes that the girls will hear, but they don’t and just keep on walking out to their car. Lengel reassures Sammy that he doesn’t want to quit, but Sammy wants to be these girls hero. As Sammy gets out to the parking lot, he looks around for the girls. He hoped that they would wait for him. Sammy thinks that he could hook-up with Queenie if he quits his job.Show MoreRelatedA P By John Updike982 Words   |  4 PagesThe story that this research paper is being written over is â€Å"AP† by John Updike. This story is filled with good grammar and has a well written plot and good transition. A person reading the story â€Å"AP† could see it as an interesting story filled with good symbolism. The main character, Sammy, uses a great deal of symbolism when describing the three gir ls in bathing suits who walked into the store he works in. the three girls in bathing suits that walked into the store where the center of the wholeRead MoreA P By John Updike1190 Words   |  5 PagesA P is a story of Sammy who is a 19 year old boy working as a clerk at a grocery store in a small town in New England. Published back in 1961 narrative defining A P is the popular mythology of 1960s basically where youthful rebellion powers took over the soulless system. (Sustana) Therefore Updike has written a story that includes key elements of myth along with the background of postwar prosperity and the attendant consumer culture. Where there is a strong hint of the Cold War as hero characterRead MoreA P By John Updike1704 Words   |  7 PagesIn the story AP by John Updike a young cashier by the name of Sammy learns about the power of desire and the mystery of others minds when working at an AP supermarket in a small town north of Boston in the 1960’s, where there was a lot of social norms and many people didn’t step out of them. The young nineteen-year-old Sammy wasn’t expecting his Thursday shift at AP to go the way it did when income three young girls but, these are not your socially normal teenagers who come walking in the doorRead MoreA P By John Updike1160 Words   |  5 Pagesthe girls’ exit and regret fills him. What he thinks is noble and just becomes a changed, regretful soul. In â€Å"AP† by John Updike, the symbolism portrays the theme of the desire for change. The girls’ immodesty is a symbol of rebellion, revealing the theme of the desire for change. As Sammy acknowledges in the short story, the story takes place â€Å"north of Boston† (Updike 360). The estimated time period is the 1960s. At this time, most of the younger generation longed for change, whichRead MoreA P, By John Updike1019 Words   |  5 Pagespsychoanalytical lens can be used to analyze AP, a short story by John Updike, lone, a piece of art by John William Godward, and â€Å"To My Best Friend - Short Film†. Through this lens, readers can draw the theme that all humans have basic instincts and urges that lie in the unconscious mind. Throughout Updike’s AP, it stands clear that we are always being influenced by fundamental human desires. AP is told from the perspective of Sammy, a teenage cashier at AP. In the beginning of the story, three teenageRead MoreA P By John Updike843 Words   |  4 Pageshelp establish the uniqueness of his or her use of speech through the story’s title, structure, punctuation, setting and the communication between characters. In the story A P by John Updike, the author sets the story in a very ordinary place where everyday people go shopping for their groceries, in a market known as A P. Updike’s style within the story shows many aspects of ordinary life. For example, in the first sentence of the story, the narrator Sammy uses incorrectly the word walks, â€Å"InRead MoreA P By John Updike1441 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Updike is considered one of the greatest writers in modern American history. He is known for the idea that seemingly ordinary aspects of American life are actually quite fascinating. He wanted readers to see the beauty and magic of life, so he tried to describe everyday things using the most clear but beautiful language possible. Many of Updike’s pieces are drawn from his own life such as his marriage and his boyhood, as shown in three of his short stories: â€Å"AP†, â€Å"Ace in the Hole†, and â€Å"PigeonRead MoreA P By John Updike765 Words   |   4 PagesJohn Updike wrote, â€Å"A P† in 1961. In this era of the 1950s and early 1960s, conservative dress mirrored conservative social values. Conformity was the measure of popularity as well as a measure of moral rightness. During this time, people were more afraid of being labeled outsiders than they were afraid of the outsiders themselves (â€Å"A P†). Gender issues and the emergence of feminist consciousness are represented when Lengel states the rules that proclaim the girls are decently dressed-codingRead MoreAP by John Updike512 Words   |  2 Pages â€Å"AP† by John Updike is a story about a boy who learns that all actions have consequences. In â€Å"AP† three girls walk in to the store AP in nothing but their bathing suits. Sammy one of the stores cashiers describes what the girls are wearing and what they do throughout the story. The girls walk up and down the aisles catching the attention of many of the other customers. The girls then get in line at Sammy’s checkout, the manager Lengel walks up and tells the girls they will have to leave thisRead MoreA P By John Updike1033 Words   |  5 Pageshow we face these decisions will have an impact in our lives, and sometimes the ones that seem to be small are the most important ones. John Updike understood how making decision affects people’s life, and he develops it in his short story â€Å"A P,† which is the story of an unhappy boy who quits his job for a pretty girl. In order to develop this theme, John Updike takes Sammy, the main charac ter of the story, through three different stages. In the beginning stage, Sammy is just a boy who is not happy

Friday, May 15, 2020

Informative Speech on Egr, Dpf, Scr Emission Systems

Preparation Outline Title: Emission Control Advances on Diesel Engines Specific Purpose Statement: To inform my audience about diesel emission technologies. Central Idea Statement: There has been three major technologies added to diesel exhaust systems since 2003 including an EGR, DPF, and SCR that have dramatically reduced NOx emissions (smog gases). Introduction I. Who knows the fundamental difference between a gas and diesel engine? A. A gas engine uses spark to ignite gasoline while a diesel engine uses compressed air to ignite the diesel fuel. II. Diesel engines in turn run more efficiently or simply get better miles per gallon than a similar sized gasoline engine. A. A diesel engine are more efficient up to†¦show more content†¦B. Domestic and foreign automotive manufactures have collaborated on developing these systems and the EPA has invested millions of dollars into the research and development to make diesel engines run clean and efficient. C. So you may still ask, what does this have to do with me, well let me ask, do you breath? Bibliography Blumberg, Katherin O. LOW-SULFUR GASOLINE amp; DIESEL. Web. 07 Jan. 2012. lt;http://www.unep.org/transport/pcfv/pdf/publowsulfurpaper.pdfgt;. Dane, John, and Kent J. Voorhees. Investigation of Nitro-Organic Compounds in Diesel Engine Exhaust. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (2010). Print. Emission Standards: USA: California Diesel Risk Reduction Program. DieselNet: Diesel Emissions Online. Web. 07 Jan. 2012. lt;http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/us/ca_diesel.phpgt;. Gryglak, Adam. ALL-NEW FORD-ENGINEERED, FORD-TESTED, FORD-BUILT DIESEL MAXIMIZES 2011 SUPER DUTYS PRODUCTIVITY | Ford Motor Company Newsroom. Home | Ford Motor Company Newsroom. 31 Aug. 2009. Web. 05 Jan. 2012. lt;http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=30879gt;. Legislation to Authorize the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency to Accept, as Part of a Settlement, Diesel Emission Reduction Supplemental Environmental Projects : Report (to Accompany S. 2146). (2008): 1-4. UWSP Library Forward. Web. 01 Jan. 2012. Romba, Phil. Light amp; Medium Truck Online. Light amp; Medium Truck Online | Managing

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Aggregate Demand And Supply Essay examples - 1952 Words

AGGREGATE DEMAND AND SUPPLY AGGREGATE DEMAND:- Aggregate demand is the amount which will be spent at different values of the price level. It is composed of consumption (C), investment (I), government spending (6) and net exports (X—M). THE AGGREGATE DEMAND CURVE:- The aggregate demand curve shows the quantity of goods and services which households, firms, overseas buyers and government are prepared to buy at different values of the general price level. It is drawn on the assumption that other things (e.g. the money supply, rates of taxation, the marginal propensity to consume) remain unchanged. Figure 28. I shows an aggregate demand curve. WHY THE ADCURVE SLOPES DOWN FROM LEFT TO RIGHT:- There are three main reasons why†¦show more content†¦Figure 28.2 shows an extension in aggregate demand. If the general price level falls people’s purchasing power will increase, the transactions demand for money will fall causing a reduction in interest rates and domestic goods and services will become more price competitive. ____________________________________________ THE SHAPE OF THE AGGREGATE DEMAND CURVE:- One group of economists, Keynesians, believe the aggregate demand curve is steep. This is because they think that a rise in the general price level will have only a small impact on the rate of interest and this in turn will have only a small impact on consumption and investment. They argue that the demand for money is dominated by the speculative rnotive. This is interest elastic so that an increase in demand for money will cause only a small rise in the rate of interest. In their view the main influence on both consumption and investment is income and not the rate of interest. The implication of the aggregate demand curve being steep is that a change in the general price level will not significantly alter aggregate demand. In contrast new classical economists believe the aggregate demand curve is shallow, they think the main component of the demand for money is the transactions demand. This is interest inelastic so if a rise in the general price level leads to an increase in demand for money there may be a large rise in the rate of interest.Show MoreRelatedAggregate Demand And Aggregate Supply1732 Words   |  7 PagesAs the concept of supply and demand play a big role in microeconomics, aggregate demand and aggregate supply are of much relevance to economics on the larger scale. In order to truly understand aggregate demand and aggregate supply, we have to uncover what they mean and their effect on the economy. To begin with, the first part to aggregate demand and supply is aggregate demand. Aggregate demand is a curve that shows how much of the nation s output (or real GDP) in total that buyers want to purchaseRead MoreAggregate Demand And Aggregate Supply1154 Words   |  5 Pageswork was in the domain of aggregate demand and aggregate supply: the long run and the short run, recessionary and inflationary gaps and long-run economic equilibrium, determining the level of consumption and aggregate expenditures and aggregate demand. I have been able to retain that aggregate demand is the total quantity of goods and services that a household, foreign buyers, and governments will buy at a given price level. A shift to the left of the aggregate demand indicates a fall in price,Read MoreAggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply911 Words   |  4 PagesAssignment Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply 11. For each of following events, explain the short-run and the long-run effects on the output and the price level, assuming policymakers take no action. (a) The stock market declines sharply, reducing consumers’ wealth. AS1 AS2 AD1 AD2 Y2 Y1 P1 P2 P3 LRAS A B C P AD-AS diagram Output 0 Since the stock market declines sharply, the people’ wealth are being affected. In short run, it leads to a fall in aggregate demand whichRead MoreAggregate Demand And Aggregate Supply Model806 Words   |  4 PagesAggregate demand and aggregate supply model is considering about the economy as a whole and used to explain how national income is determined. (economicsonline, 2016) Aggregate demand is the total demand for the economy scarce resources at a given price level and in a given period of time. It includes export(I), government spending(G), investment(X), some of consumer spending and less imports from aboard(M). The formula is AD= C+I+G+X-M. (economicsonline, 2016) Apart from imports, AD is related withRead MoreSupply and Demand Aggregate956 Words   |  4 PagesSupply and Demand Economic Critique Rachel Middlebrook ECO/372 February 4, 2014 Rick Pretzsch Supply and Demand Economic Critique The United States economy is determined by a number of factors, such as; gross domestic product (GDP), unemployment rates, consumer income, and interest rates. Everything the U.S. produces is measured by the GDP. When the GDP turns negative, the economy can enter a recession. If this negative GDP continues for years the country is considered in a depressionRead MoreSupply and Demand and Stationary Aggregate Demand4063 Words   |  17 Pagesï » ¿Macroeconomics, (Hubbard/O’Brien) Chapter 24 Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply Analysis 1) The static aggregate demand and aggregate supply curve model helps explain A) short term fluctuations in real GDP and the price level. B) long term growth. C) price fluctuations in an individual market. D) output fluctuations in an individual market. 2) The aggregate demand curve shows the relationship between the ________ and ________. A) inflationRead MoreAggregate Demand and Supply Models1095 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Aggregate Demand and Supply Models Aggregate Demand and Supply Models ECO/372 Aggregate Demand and Supply Models The following report will detail out the current state of the U.S. Economy. The report will discuss the following: * Current economic state in regards to unemployment, expectations, consumer income and interest rates * The existing effect of the economic factors on aggregate demand and supply * Fiscal policies that are currently being recommended by government leadershipRead MoreMacroeconomics Essay on Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply1054 Words   |  4 Pagesmargins. At higher aggregate supply, the price is likely to decrease, compensating the fact that the companies have reduced their costs and allowing them to produce at the same level for similar prices. Aggregate demand will also increase, mainly because the products and services that are associated with oil and natural gas will become more affordable. As aggregate demand increases, the price will also likely increase in the short-term, at least until aggregate supply and demand regulate themselvesRead MoreAggregate Demand and Supply Paper1955 Words   |  8 PagesAggregate Demand and Supply Models Economic Critique Ken Drake, ECO 372 Macroeconomics September 10, 2012 Jason Foster Aggregate Demand and Supply Models Economic Critique In the United States the economy is currently in a recession, although signs are indicating that the economy is slowly recovering. In an effort to analyze the Unites States economy the unemployment rate, expectations, consumer income, and interest rates have been evaluated. The results of these evaluations are includedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Aggregate Demand And The Aggregate Supply Model Essay946 Words   |  4 PagesThe aggregate demand and the aggregate supply model is a macroeconomics model that explains price level and real output through the relationship of aggregate demand and supply. The aggregate demand curve consist of consumption(C), investment (I), government spending (G), net export (NX). The question caused by monetary expansion. In this essay, it analysis monetary policy, Philips curve which relation between inflation and unemployment.it draws conclusion and apply the theory into two countries which

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Review mode free essay sample

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Studies rely on information researched by the proponents. Review of Related Literature In exploration, we find new techniques, new knowledge, even develop new substances, gadgets, equipment, processes or procedures, imagination and skill is emhapter II Review of Related Literature and Studies This chapter presents the literature and related studies which have direct bearing on this study. It also discusses the values reflected in the proverbs and the proverb as a reflection of Filipino character, its function in the society, its naReview of Related Literature and Studies CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Studies rely on information researched by the proponents. Review of Related Literature In exploration, we find new techniques, new knowledge, even develop new substances, gadgets, equipment, processes or procedures, imagination and skill is em Premium1418 Words6 Pages Computer Effects on the Academic Performance of Students Review of Related Literature â€Å"Effects of computer usage to the academic performance of students† Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE The scope of Computer effects derives a wide scope of related literature that is worth mentioning. We will write a custom essay sample on Review mode or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In this regard, this literature review concerning the effects of computer usage Premium1010 Words5 Pages Chapter2: Review of Related Literature and Studies Chapter II Review of Related Literature and Studies This chapter presents the literature and related studies which have direct bearing on this study. It also discusses the values reflected in the proverbs and the proverb as a reflection of Filipino character, its function in the society, its na Premium1848 Words8 Pages Review of Related Literature Review of Related Literature History of Forums In the past, forums were viewed as places for geeks to communicate via the web. However, as the internet continues to grow and define itself, we have found them to be a very valuable resource of information. Forums benefit your internet experi Premium836 Words4 Pages Review of Related Literature REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Background and Literature Overview The regulatory landscape of the air transport industry throughout the world has been changing dramatically since the 1980s to meet the growing density of air traffic as a result of the increasing integration of economies.